Coulomb forces can be used to levitate, move and place substrates (IC's) into various positions to form antenna components or sections that adjust the physical dimensions of antennas. Thus, antennas can be adjusted in the field to better match the carrier frequency.  Several antennas: the Yagi, the patch, the bow-tie, the meanderline, and the dipole antenna can be adjusted to benefit from this adjustment. As more antennas can be placed on a substrate, additional flexibility occurs such as using an antenna at a given carrier frequency to transmit a signal while the second antenna can be used to receive the signal at a different carrier frequency.  Many of these techniques are also applicable to inductor construction.

     Orthogonal antenna configurations are an important capability for complex antenna systems. An antenna picks up signals from a transmitter typically after the signals have been reflected from various surfaces. Thus, the complete incoming signal composed of signals that are delayed, polarized in different orientations, arriving from different directions, and of course decreased in magnitude. The difficulty is the development of nulls in the radio spectrum that decreases the intensity of the information. If an antenna with a given polarization is placed right at this point then the signal intensity can be lost. The other two polarizations associated with this radio spectrum may have signal intensity at this point; but the antenna unfortunately is not equipped to capture these signals. Ideally, the complete antennas should have three antennas that are orthogonal to each other. Several reasons have prevented this from being standard equipment: 1) the cost of manufacturing the equipment; 2) the volume displaced to enable these antennas (covering three orthogonal directions); and 3) the need for three antenna ports on the front end or the ability to easily switch between the three antennas. As carrier frequencies increase, the wavelength of the carrier decreases. At 75GHz, the wavelength of the carrier is comparable to the dimensions of the substrate allowing the formation of the antennas on the substrate. However, reconfigurable systems are not limited to these high frequencies. At lower frequencies: PCS, GPS and GSM, the antenna would be an ESA making the design of the communication system with regards to the front end more difficult.

     MIMO can benefit from this technique as well since MIMO operates on a single signal that is sent on (n) multiple antennas such that each of the (n) signals received have traveled different paths. MIMO radio use n-antennas simultaneously to extract the n-signals and combine the n-signal energies that are related. Conversely, the antennas can be used in a MIMO system to provide a multi-channel wireless communication where the antennas can be moved on the surface of a substrate to improve reception.